tbigity -
Psychology is a very complex "science", which often can't be studied using black & white "scientific" methods, which leads to many questions about the intention of and conclusions drawn by the experiment. Unfortunately I couldn't find a complete write up of Dr. Zimbardo's original experiment to determine exactly what his hypotheses were, but http://www.prisonexp.org has a pretty decent write up. It states:
What happens when you put good people in an evil place? Does humanity win over evil, or does evil triumph?
So as I suspected, the experiment was intended to show what happens pyschologically when you put average, healthy, normal males into a typical "prison" scenario. While Zimbardo did give the participants some freedom to decide how to do their jobs, he clearly modeled much of the experiement on typical prison life.
The guards were given no specific training on how to be guards. Instead they were free, within limits, to do whatever they thought was necessary to maintain law and order in the prison and to command the respect of the prisoners. The guards made up their own set of rules, which they then carried into effect under the supervision of Warden David Jaffe, an undergraduate from Stanford University. They were warned, however, of the potential seriousness of their mission and of the possible dangers in the situation they were about to enter, as, of course, are real guards who voluntarily take such a dangerous job.
But they certainly weren't given a clean slate. The experimental prison was designed, by Zimbardo, to have many of the physical, emotional, and psychological effects of a real prison.
At 2:30 A.M. the prisoners were rudely awakened from sleep by blasting whistles for the first of many "counts." The counts served the purpose of familiarizing the prisoners with their numbers (counts took place several times each shift and often at night). But more importantly, these events provided a regular occasion for the guards to exercise control over the prisoners. At first, the prisoners were not completely into their roles and did not take the counts too seriously. They were still trying to assert their independence. The guards, too, were feeling out their new roles and were not yet sure how to assert authority over their prisoners. This was the beginning of a series of direct confrontations between the guards and prisoners.
Note that the guards were told that they must "assert authority" and "command respect" of the prisoners. How does one impose rules on those who are known to have previously broken the rules? I think that is a key question in this whole experiment. How ELSE could the guards and prisoners have behaved, given the situation that Zimbardo created?
After half a day of this treatment, the guards then took some of these "good" prisoners and put them into the "bad" cells, and took some of the "bad" prisoners and put them into the "good" cell, thoroughly confusing all the prisoners. Some of the prisoners who were the ringleaders now thought that the prisoners from the privileged cell must be informers, and suddenly, the prisoners became distrustful of each other. Our ex-convict consultants later informed us that a similar tactic is used by real guards in real prisons to break prisoner alliances. For example, racism is used to pit Blacks, Chicanos, and Anglos against each other. In fact, in a real prison the greatest threat to any prisoner's life comes from fellow prisoners. By dividing and conquering in this way, guards promote aggression among inmates, thereby deflecting it from themselves.
Which brings me back to my original point. Their behavior was dictated by the situation they were put in. They weren't told exactly how to do their role, but the roles were fairly clearly defined for them by Dr. Zimbardo (and not so much by preconceived ideas like I suggested previously and you seem to be supporting).
WyrreJ -
I think the experiment you participated in was actually much more telling than Zimbardo's. When you take a bunch of 4th graders who are still developing their own sense of "right and wrong", and tell them someone is "bad", they have much less of an ability to analyze the situation and will tend to react in the same way they would to other "bad" people without thinking about it. Unfortunately, I think even 4th graders have already started to develop some prejudices about who is "good" and "bad" (though notably less than the college students in the Zimbardo experiment). What is great about your experience is that the lesson was taught before the prejudices had become too "engrained", allowing the more thoughtful students to reflect on the situation and come to the same conclusions that you did.
I too had the good fortune of growing up as a discriminated minority for part of my formative years which has had a tremendous effect on how I view other people, especially those very different from myself. While the "discrimination" isn't necessarily a good thing, it's very healthy to be able to see a situation from multiple points of view.
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