While I'm not sure what each of the specific abbreviations in the Typical Properties sections refers to, it does appear as if there are differences in the formulations of regular vs. high mileage oils offered by Mobil-1.
The Features - Advantages and Potential Benefits section also give brief laymens descriptions of what the formulation is intended to do.
Mobil 1 - Regular 10W-30 Synthetic
Mobil 1 - High Mileage 10W-30 & 10W-40 Synthetics
My $.02 on that filter study would be that the date of the study would also have to be considered (filter technology changes just like everything else), plus, not every filter in a filter companys' lineup is made by that same company. There are a few companies that make filters, and they put whatever label a second company that buys those filters for resale wants them to. Is it not curious that some of those filters look just like their competitors when taken apart? Basically, if you buy a cheap filter, you generally get what you pay for, but if you spring for a more expensive filter, (even by the same "company/manufacturer", you'll generally get a better product.
I think the main comparison between dino (regular) oils and synthetics is that while the viscosities may be listed as being the same, it's how each one flows at it's rated temperature extremes that is most important. We've all probably either added oil to or changed oil in an engine when the snow has been flying at some point, and seen how the pour-rate of a dino oil changes at those lower temps. Well that's also how it flows through an engine at those lower temps until it gets heated up. Synthetics don't have that problem since their viscosities are engineered to remain more constant through their rated temperature extremes, meaning that they simply flow better when cold, and don't get thinner/break-down as much when hot when compared to dino oils. As a result, they offer more consistent engine protection.
(That's also why a 10W-30 or 10W-40 synthetic can be used in place of a regular 5W-30 oil. With more and more vehicles using engines with overhead cam systems, etc, synthetics can get to all the places it needs to easier because of the more consistent flow rates).